Eric Goosby, MD

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(415) 476-5483

1001 Potrero Ave
San Francisco, CA 94110

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  • Professor, School of Medicine
  • Professor of Medicine

Biography

Dr. Eric Goosby is an internationally recognized expert on infectious diseases who has participated in program and policy development at the highest levels of government. He was the founding director of the Ryan White CARE Act in 1991 and subsequently served in the Clinton Administration to expand the program considerably.  As Global AIDS Coordinator under President Barack Obama, he was responsible for implementing the President's emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).

He currently serves as the UN Secretary-General's Special Envoy on Tuberculosis. Dr. Goosby is an elected member of the National Academy and currently serves as Director of the UCSF Center for Implementation Sciences.  He has served as a mentor to countless mentees in areas of policy and advocacy for millions of patients living with HIV and other infectious diseases. 

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  1. Onono MA, Rutherford GW, Bukusi EA, White JS, Goosby E, Brindis CD. Political prioritization and the competing definitions of adolescent pregnancy in Kenya: An application of the Public Arenas Model. PLoS One. 2020; 15(9):e0238136. View on Pubmed
  2. Gandhi M, Beyrer C, Goosby E. Masks Do More Than Protect Others During COVID-19: Reducing the Inoculum of SARS-CoV-2 to Protect the Wearer. J Gen Intern Med. 2020 Jul 31. View on Pubmed
  3. Reid M, Gupta R, Roberts G, Goosby E, Wesson P. Achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC): Dominance analysis across 183 countries highlights importance of strengthening health workforce. PLoS One. 2020; 15(3):e0229666. View on Pubmed
  4. Reid MJA, Goosby E. Improving quality is necessary to building a TB-free world: Lancet Commission on Tuberculosis. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis. 2020 May; 19:100156. View on Pubmed
  5. Onono MA, Brindis CD, White JS, Goosby E, Okoro DO, Bukusi EA, Rutherford GW. Challenges to generating political prioritization for adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Kenya: A qualitative study. PLoS One. 2019; 14(12):e0226426. View on Pubmed
  6. Castor D, Kimmel AL, McFall A, Padian N, Yansaneh A, Wiant S, Sandison S, Holmes C, Lucas R, Stanton D, Goosby E, Kottiri B. Employing the Payback Framework to Assess Implementation Science Research Utilization: Lessons From the USAID's PEPFAR HIV/AIDS Implementation Science Awards. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019 12; 82 Suppl 3:S348-S356. View on Pubmed
  7. Reid M, Roberts G, Goosby E, Wesson P. Monitoring Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in high Tuberculosis burden countries: Tuberculosis mortality an important tracer of UHC service coverage. PLoS One. 2019; 14(10):e0223559. View on Pubmed
  8. Reid M, Von Zinkernagel D, Beyeler N, Goosby E. Global Fund replenishment brings us one step closer to ending tuberculosis. Lancet Glob Health. 2019 12; 7(12):e1607-e1608. View on Pubmed
  9. Agins BD, Ikeda DJ, Reid MJA, Goosby E, Pai M, Cattamanchi A. Improving the cascade of global tuberculosis care: moving from the "what" to the "how" of quality improvement. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019 12; 19(12):e437-e443. View on Pubmed
  10. Reid MJA, Goosby E. A tuberculosis-free world: is it a delusion? - Authors' reply. Lancet. 2019 09 14; 394(10202):913-914. View on Pubmed
  11. Goosby E. The Global Fund, Governance, and Accountability. Ann Glob Health. 2019 05 20; 85(1). View on Pubmed
  12. Gostin LO, Monahan JT, Kaldor J, DeBartolo M, Friedman EA, Gottschalk K, Kim SC, Alwan A, Binagwaho A, Burci GL, Cabal L, DeLand K, Evans TG, Goosby E, Hossain S, Koh H, Ooms G, Roses Periago M, Uprimny R, Yamin AE. The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development. Lancet. 2019 May 04; 393(10183):1857-1910. View on Pubmed
  13. Glass RI, El-Sadr W, Goosby E, Kupfer LE. The HIV response and global health. Lancet. 2019 04 27; 393(10182):1696. View on Pubmed
  14. Reid MJA, Arinaminpathy N, Bloom A, Bloom BR, Boehme C, Chaisson R, Chin DP, Churchyard G, Cox H, Ditiu L, Dybul M, Farrar J, Fauci AS, Fekadu E, Fujiwara PI, Hallett TB, Hanson CL, Harrington M, Herbert N, Hopewell PC, Ikeda C, Jamison DT, Khan AJ, Koek I, Krishnan N, Motsoaledi A, Pai M, Raviglione MC, Sharman A, Small PM, Swaminathan S, Temesgen Z, Vassall A, Venkatesan N, van Weezenbeek K, Yamey G, Agins BD, Alexandru S, Andrews JR, Beyeler N, Bivol S, Brigden G, Cattamanchi A, Cazabon D, Crudu V, Daftary A, Dewan P, Doepel LK, Eisinger RW, Fan V, Fewer S, Furin J, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Gomez GB, Graham SM, Gupta D, Kamene M, Khaparde S, Mailu EW, Masini EO, McHugh L, Mitchell E, Moon S, Osberg M, Pande T, Prince L, Rade K, Rao R, Remme M, Seddon JA, Selwyn C, Shete P, Sachdeva KS, Stallworthy G, Vesga JF, Vilc V, Goosby EP. Building a tuberculosis-free world: The Lancet Commission on tuberculosis. Lancet. 2019 Mar 30; 393(10178):1331-1384. View on Pubmed
  15. Reid M, Goosby E, Kevany S. Leveraging health diplomacy to end the tuberculosis epidemic. Lancet Glob Health. 2019 05; 7(5):e561-e562. View on Pubmed
  16. Daftary A, Mitchell EMH, Reid MJA, Fekadu E, Goosby E. To End TB, First-Ever High-Level Meeting on Tuberculosis Must Address Stigma. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018 11; 99(5):1114-1116. View on Pubmed
  17. Reid MJA, Goosby E. Eradicating TB. BMJ. 2018 Sep 25; 362:k3918. View on Pubmed
  18. Gottesfeld P, Reid M, Goosby E. Preventing tuberculosis among high-risk workers. Lancet Glob Health. 2018 12; 6(12):e1274-e1275. View on Pubmed
  19. Shete PB, Reid M, Goosby E. Message to world leaders: we cannot end tuberculosis without addressing the social and economic burden of the disease. Lancet Glob Health. 2018 12; 6(12):e1272-e1273. View on Pubmed
  20. El-Sadr WM, Goosby E. Building on the HIV platform: tackling the challenge of noncommunicable diseases among persons living with HIV. AIDS. 2018 07 01; 32 Suppl 1:S1-S3. View on Pubmed
  21. Gupta V, Tsai AC, Mason-Sharma A, Goosby EP, Jha AK, Kerry VB. Have geopolitics influenced decisions on American health foreign assistance efforts during the Obama presidency? J Glob Health. 2018 Jun; 8(1):010417. View on Pubmed
  22. Rochford C, Sridhar D, Woods N, Saleh Z, Hartenstein L, Ahlawat H, Whiting E, Dybul M, Cars O, Goosby E, Cassels A, Velasquez G, Hoffman S, Baris E, Wadsworth J, Gyansa-Lutterodt M, Davies S. Global governance of antimicrobial resistance. Lancet. 2018 05 19; 391(10134):1976-1978. View on Pubmed
  23. Goosby E, Jamison D, Swaminathan S, Reid M, Zuccala E. The Lancet Commission on tuberculosis: building a tuberculosis-free world. Lancet. 2018 03 24; 391(10126):1132-1133. View on Pubmed
  24. Reid MJA, Goosby E. Patient-Centered Tuberculosis Programs Are Necessary to End the Epidemic. J Infect Dis. 2017 11 06; 216(suppl_7):S673-S674. View on Pubmed
  25. Goosby E, Abrams E, Bekker LG, Mushavi A. Crossing the Finish Line. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017 05 01; 75 Suppl 1:S106-S107. View on Pubmed
  26. Reid MJ, Goosby E. Lessons learned from the HIV care cascade can help End TB. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017 03 01; 21(3):245-246. View on Pubmed
  27. Reid MJ, Goosby E. Children with TB: neglected no more . . .. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2016 11; 20(11):1421. View on Pubmed
  28. Meffert SM, Shome S, Neylan TC, Musalo K, Fineberg HV, Cooke MM, Volberding PA, Goosby EP. Health impact of human rights testimony: harming the most vulnerable? BMJ Glob Health. 2016; 1(1):e000001. View on Pubmed
  29. Csete J, Kamarulzaman A, Kazatchkine M, Altice F, Balicki M, Buxton J, Cepeda J, Comfort M, Goosby E, Goulão J, Hart C, Kerr T, Lajous AM, Lewis S, Martin N, Mejía D, Camacho A, Mathieson D, Obot I, Ogunrombi A, Sherman S, Stone J, Vallath N, Vickerman P, Zábranský T, Beyrer C. Public health and international drug policy. Lancet. 2016 Apr 02; 387(10026):1427-1480. View on Pubmed
  30. Kruk ME, Yamey G, Angell SY, Beith A, Cotlear D, Guanais F, Jacobs L, Saxenian H, Victora C, Goosby E. Transforming Global Health by Improving the Science of Scale-Up. PLoS Biol. 2016 Mar; 14(3):e1002360. View on Pubmed
  31. Goosby E. Out of the shadows: shining a light on children with tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015 Dec; 19 Suppl 1:1-2. View on Pubmed
  32. Moon S, Sridhar D, Pate MA, Jha AK, Clinton C, Delaunay S, Edwin V, Fallah M, Fidler DP, Garrett L, Goosby E, Gostin LO, Heymann DL, Lee K, Leung GM, Morrison JS, Saavedra J, Tanner M, Leigh JA, Hawkins B, Woskie LR, Piot P. Will Ebola change the game? Ten essential reforms before the next pandemic. The report of the Harvard-LSHTM Independent Panel on the Global Response to Ebola. Lancet. 2015 Nov 28; 386(10009):2204-21. View on Pubmed
  33. Gupta V, Kerry VB, Goosby E, Yates R. Politics and Universal Health Coverage--The Post-2015 Global Health Agenda. N Engl J Med. 2015 Sep 24; 373(13):1189-92. View on Pubmed
  34. Piot P, Abdool Karim SS, Hecht R, Legido-Quigley H, Buse K, Stover J, Resch S, Ryckman T, Møgedal S, Dybul M, Goosby E, Watts C, Kilonzo N, McManus J, Sidibé M. Defeating AIDS--advancing global health. Lancet. 2015 Jul 11; 386(9989):171-218. View on Pubmed
  35. Cancedda C, Farmer PE, Kerry V, Nuthulaganti T, Scott KW, Goosby E, Binagwaho A. Maximizing the Impact of Training Initiatives for Health Professionals in Low-Income Countries: Frameworks, Challenges, and Best Practices. PLoS Med. 2015 Jun; 12(6):e1001840. View on Pubmed
  36. Boender TS, Barré-Sinoussi F, Cooper D, Goosby E, Hankins C, Heidenrijk M, de Jong M, Kazatchkine M, Laoye F, Merson M, Reiss P, Rinke de Wit TF, Rogo K, Schellekens O, Schultsz C, Sigaloff KC, Simon J, Zewdie D. Research in action: from AIDS to global health to impact. A symposium in recognition of the scientific contributions of Professor Joep Lange. Antivir Ther. 2015; 20(1):101-8. View on Pubmed
  37. Bollyky TJ, Emanuel EJ, Goosby EP, Satcher D, Shalala DE, Thompson TG. NCDs and an outcome-based approach to global health. Lancet. 2014 Dec 06; 384(9959):2003-4. View on Pubmed
  38. Goosby EP, von Zinkernagel D. The Medical and Nursing Education Partnership Initiatives. Acad Med. 2014 Aug; 89(8 Suppl):S5-7. View on Pubmed
  39. Goosby E. PEPFAR's commitment to country ownership and achieving an AIDS-free generation. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Jan; 2(1):e18. View on Pubmed
  40. Binagwaho A, Kyamanywa P, Farmer PE, Nuthulaganti T, Umubyeyi B, Nyemazi JP, Mugeni SD, Asiimwe A, Ndagijimana U, Lamphere McPherson H, Ngirabega Jde D, Sliney A, Uwayezu A, Rusanganwa V, Wagner CM, Nutt CT, Eldon-Edington M, Cancedda C, Magaziner IC, Goosby E. The human resources for health program in Rwanda--new partnership. N Engl J Med. 2013 11 21; 369(21):2054-9. View on Pubmed
  41. Sidibé M, Goosby EP. Foreword: Global action to reduce HIV stigma and discrimination. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013 Nov 13; 16(3 Suppl 2):18893. View on Pubmed
  42. Anne L Stangl, Cynthia I Grossman, Michel Sidibé, Eric P. Goosby, Cynthia I Grossman, Anne L Stangl, Ingrid T Katz, Annemarie E Ryu, Afiachukwu G Onuegbu, Christina Psaros, Sheri D Weiser, David R Bangsberg, Alexander C Tsai, Anne L Stangl, Jennifer K Lloyd, Laura M Brady, Claire E Holland, Stefan Baral, Gitau Mburu, Mala Ram, Morten Skovdal, David Bitira, Ian Hodgson, Grace W Mwai, Christine Stegling, Janet Seeley, Aparna Jain, Ratana Nuankaew, Nungruthai Mongkholwiboolphol, Arunee Banpabuth, Rachada Tuvinun, Pakprim Oranop na Ayuthaya, Kerry Richter, Li Li, Chunqing Lin, Jihui Guan, Zunyou Wu, Nelson Varas-Díaz, Torsten B Neilands, Francheska Cintrón-Bou, Melissa Marzán-Rodríguez, Axel Santos-Figueroa, Salvador Santiago-Negrón, Domingo Marques, Sheilla Rodríguez-Madera, Laura Nyblade, Aparna Jain, Manal Benkirane, Li Li, Anna-Leena Lohiniva, Roger McLean, Janet M Turan, Nelson Varas-Díaz, Francheska Cintrón-Bou, Jihui Guan, Zachary Kwena, Wendell Thomas, Sofia Gruskin, Kelly Safreed-Harmon, Tamar Ezer, Anne Gathumbi, Jonathan Cohen, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Maria L Ekstrand, Jayashree Ramakrishna, Shalini Bharat, Elsa Heylen, Jannette Y Berkley-Patton, Erin Moore, Marcie Berman, Stephen D Simon, Carole Bowe Thompson, Thomas Schleicher, Starlyn M Hawes, John L Christensen, Lynn Carol Miller, Paul Robert Appleby, Charisse Corsbie-Massay, Carlos Gustavo Godoy, Stacy C Marsella, Stephen J Read, Kathryn Risher, Darrin Adams, Bhekie Sithole, Sosthenes Ketende, Caitlin Kennedy, Zandile Mnisi, Xolile Mabusa, Stefan D Baral, Travis Lim, Carla Zelaya, Carl Latkin, Vu Minh Quan, Constantine Frangakis, Tran Viet Ha, Nguyen Le Minh, Vivian Go. Global Action to reduce HIV stigma and discrimination. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2013 Nov 1; 16(3Suppl 2):18934. View on Pubmed
  43. Tucker JD, von Zinkernagel DJ, Goosby EP. An inclusive rights-based foreign policy for health. Lancet. 2013 Aug 31; 382(9894):745-6. View on Pubmed
  44. Goosby EP. Is Option B+ the best choice? Lancet. 2013 Apr 13; 381(9874):1272. View on Pubmed
  45. Goosby EP. US visa law: a clarification. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012 Nov; 12(11):828. View on Pubmed
  46. Goosby E, Von Zinkernagel D, Holmes C, Haroz D, Walsh T. Raising the bar: PEPFAR and new paradigms for global health. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012 Aug 15; 60 Suppl 3:S158-62. View on Pubmed
  47. Goosby E, Dybul M, Fauci AS, Fauci AA, Fu J, Walsh T, Needle R, Bouey P. The United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief: a story of partnerships and smart investments to turn the tide of the global AIDS pandemic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012 Aug 15; 60 Suppl 3:S51-6. View on Pubmed
  48. Goosby E. The way forward: maximizing our impact through shared responsibility and smart investments. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012 Aug 01; 60 Suppl 2:S44-7. View on Pubmed
  49. Michel Sidibé, Eric P. Goosby. Community action to end new paediatric HIV infections. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2012 Jul 11; 15(Suppl 2). View on Pubmed
  50. Cohen MS, Holmes C, Padian N, Wolf M, Hirnschall G, Lo YR, Goosby E. HIV treatment as prevention: how scientific discovery occurred and translated rapidly into policy for the global response. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012 Jul; 31(7):1439-49. View on Pubmed
  51. Holmes CB, Blandford JM, Sangrujee N, Stewart SR, DuBois A, Smith TR, Martin JC, Gavaghan A, Ryan CA, Goosby EP. PEPFAR's past and future efforts to cut costs, improve efficiency, and increase the impact of global HIV programs. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012 Jul; 31(7):1553-60. View on Pubmed
  52. Goosby E. The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief: marshalling all tools at our disposal toward an AIDS-free generation. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012 Jul; 31(7):1593-8. View on Pubmed
  53. Clay R, CdeBaca L, De Cock KM, Goosby E, Guttmacher A, Jacobs S, Pablos-Mendez A, Polaski S, Sheldon G, Steinberg D. A call for coordinated and evidence-based action to protect children outside of family care. Lancet. 2012 Jan 14; 379(9811):e6-8. View on Pubmed
  54. Padian NS, Holmes CB, McCoy SI, Lyerla R, Bouey PD, Goosby EP. Implementation science for the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011 Mar 01; 56(3):199-203. View on Pubmed
  55. Collins FS, Glass RI, Whitescarver J, Wakefield M, Goosby EP. Public health. Developing health workforce capacity in Africa. Science. 2010 Dec 03; 330(6009):1324-5. View on Pubmed
  56. Holmes CB, Thirumurthy H, Padian NS, Goosby EP. AIDS funds: prevention. Science. 2010 Oct 08; 330(6001):176-7; author reply 177-8. View on Pubmed
  57. Holmes CB, Coggin W, Jamieson D, Mihm H, Granich R, Savio P, Hope M, Ryan C, Moloney-Kitts M, Goosby EP, Dybul M. Use of generic antiretroviral agents and cost savings in PEPFAR treatment programs. JAMA. 2010 Jul 21; 304(3):313-20. View on Pubmed
  58. Zhang F, Haberer JE, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Ma Y, Zhao D, Yu L, Goosby EP. The Chinese free antiretroviral treatment program: challenges and responses. AIDS. 2007 Dec; 21 Suppl 8:S143-8. View on Pubmed
  59. Vlahov D, Des Jarlais DC, Goosby E, Hollinger PC, Lurie PG, Shriver MD, Strathdee SA. Needle exchange programs for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection: epidemiology and policy. Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Dec 15; 154(12 Suppl):S70-7. View on Pubmed
  60. Robert T. Trotter, Richard H. Needle, Eric Goosby, Christopher Bates, Merrill Singer. A Methodological Model for Rapid Assessment, Response, and Evaluation: The RARE Program in Public Health. Field Methods. 2001 May 1; 13(2):137-159. View on Pubmed
  61. Richard H Needle, Robert T Trotter, Eric Goosby, Christopher Bates, Deborah Von Zinkernagel. Methodologically sound rapid assessment and response: providing timely data for policy development on drug use interventions and HIV prevention. International Journal of Drug Policy. 2000 Mar 1; 11(1-2):19-23. View on Pubmed
  62. Sibel S, Macher A, Goosby E. Paronychia in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2000 Feb; 90(2):98-100. View on Pubmed
  63. Fauci A, Bartlett JG, Goosby E. Early treatment of HIV-1 infection. Lancet. 1998 Dec 12; 352(9144):1935; author reply 1936. View on Pubmed
  64. Abe M. Macher, Eric P. Goosby. Primary HIV Infection/Acute Retroviral Syndrome: An Intervention Opportunity for Correctional Facilities. Journal of Correctional Health Care. 1998 Apr 1; 5(1):51-62. View on Pubmed
  65. Gordon M, Bihari B, Goosby E, Gorter R, Greco M, Guralnik M, Mimura T, Rudinicki V, Wong R, Kaneko Y. A placebo-controlled trial of the immune modulator, lentinan, in HIV-positive patients: a phase I/II trial. J Med. 1998; 29(5-6):305-30. View on Pubmed
  66. Macher AM, Goosby EP. Issues regarding antiretroviral treatment for patients with HIV-1 infection. JAMA. 1997 Oct 15; 278(15):1234-5. View on Pubmed
  67. Macher AM, Goosby EP. The diagnostic laboratory as clinical consultant: public health implications. Am J Clin Pathol. 1997 Aug; 108(2):238. View on Pubmed
  68. Macher AM, Goosby EP. Inmate access to postrelease medical care: public health implications. Arch Fam Med. 1997 Jul-Aug; 6(4):318. View on Pubmed
  69. Macher AM, Goosby EP. Maintenance of chemoprophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii despite combination antiretroviral treatment associated CD4+ T-lymphocytosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Apr; 155(4):1491. View on Pubmed
  70. Macher AM, Goosby EP. Physicians' experience and survival in patients with AIDS. N Engl J Med. 1996 Aug 01; 335(5):350; author reply 350-1. View on Pubmed
  71. Macher A, Goosby E, Beller M. PCR and the misdiagnosis of active tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 1995 Jan 12; 332(2):128-9. View on Pubmed
  72. Goosby EP. Miles to go before we sleep. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1995; 72(1 Suppl):309-15. View on Pubmed
  73. Sumaya CV, Macher AM, Bowen GS, Goosby EP. From the Health Resources and Services Administration. JAMA. 1994 Oct 26; 272(16):1242. View on Pubmed
  74. Ciro V. Sumaya, Abe M. Macher, G. Stephen Bowen, Eric P. Goosby. Only a Phone Call Away: Educating Health Care Professionals About HIV/ AIDS. JAMA. 1994 Oct 26; 272(16):1242-1242. View on Pubmed
  75. Macher A, Goosby E, Daniels E, Plotnick J. Telephone information services from USPHS. Am J Nurs. 1994 Sep; 94(9):12.
  76. Macher A, Goosby E, Barker L, Volberding P, Goldschmidt R, Balano KB, Williams A, Hoenig L, Gould B, Daniels E. Educating primary care providers about HIV disease: multidisciplinary interactive mechanisms. Public Health Rep. 1994 May-Jun; 109(3):305-10.
  77. McKinney MM, Wieland MK, Bowen GS, Goosby EP, Marconi KM. States' responses to Title II of the Ryan White CARE Act. Public Health Rep. 1993 Jan-Feb; 108(1):4-11.
  78. Bowen GS, Marconi K, Kohn S, Bailey DM, Goosby EP, Shorter S, Niemcryk S. First year of AIDS services delivery under Title I of the Ryan White CARE Act. Public Health Rep. 1992 Sep-Oct; 107(5):491-9.
  79. Cummings SR, Phillips SL, Wheat ME, Black D, Goosby E, Wlodarczyk D, Trafton P, Jergesen H, Winograd CH, Hulley SB. Recovery of function after hip fracture. The role of social supports. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1988 Sep; 36(9):801-6.
  80. Goosby E, Goldschlager N. Medical management of angina: nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers. Postgrad Med. 1982 Sep; 72(3):50-2, 55-9, 62-3 passim.